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Annualized return of about 8.6% (XIRR)

This is the result of continuing monthly investing for 20 years while enduring several large crashes such as the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 COVID crash. The maximum drawdown during the period was -50.9%, and it took 54 months to recover the previous peak.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Annualized return of about 4.1% (XIRR)

This case started investing just after the financial-crisis low. It recorded a lower return than the S&P 500. The Korean market has had many long sideways periods, so the long-term compounding effect appears relatively muted.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected)

Annualized return of about 3.8% (XIRR)

This calculates what would have happened had you invested in the past in the company that is currently Korea's largest by market capitalization. Calculating past returns based on a company that is a large cap today can make results look better than they really were (survivorship bias).

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); survivorship bias present

Annualized return of about 36.4% (XIRR), but MDD of -80.1%

Bitcoin recorded a high return, but its maximum drawdown reached -80.1%. This means you would have had to endure a period in which the asset's value fell 80% from its peak. There is no guarantee that past returns will repeat in the future.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); high-volatility asset; exchange fees not reflected

+356% after 19 years, 54 months to recover

Even if you had started investing just before the financial crisis, one of the worst historical entry points, continuing to invest for about 19 years produced a high return. However, you had to endure a -51.3% loss early on and a 54-month recovery period.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

+38% after 3 years vs. +12% if you stopped after the crash

This compares the difference between continuing to invest through the COVID crash (+38%) and stopping investing (+12%). Recovering quickly from the short-term crash was the key benefit of staying invested.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Annualized return of about 18%

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The power of starting right after the financial crisis

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Long-term performance of an inflation-hedge asset

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

15 years to fully recover

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Recovered within 1 year, tripled after 10 years

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Note: SPY was listed in January 1993. The earlier period (1987–1993) is a hypothetical simulation based on S&P 500 index returns.

Current status of recurring investing in a down market

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The power of shares steadily accumulated after the crash

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Fast recovery after passing through the crash

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The choice between diversification and concentration

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The effect of asset allocation

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Compounding riding the cloud revolution

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected; survivorship bias present

Benefiting from the AI era

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected; survivorship bias present

Alongside Warren Buffett

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Compounding of dividend-plus-growth REITs

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The truth about 20 years of the KOSPI

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected)

Beyond the semiconductor cycle

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); survivorship bias present

Principal still not recovered even after 10 years

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

The Korean market peak just before the financial crisis

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected)

The reality of buying crypto at the peak

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); exchange fees not reflected; high-volatility asset

Even bonds can be cut in half

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

What is the result after 10 years?

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Where an investor who passed through the down market stands now

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Compounding that overcame even stagflation

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Note: VTI was listed in May 2001. The earlier period (1973–2001) is a hypothetical simulation based on US total-market index returns.

The long-term performance gap between domestic and overseas

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Growth vs. value: which had the edge

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Traditional safe-haven asset vs. digital asset

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected; BTC is a high-volatility asset

Dividend income vs. capital gains — which after 10 years?

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

Annualized return of about 16% (estimate), MDD -35%

This is the estimated result of recurring purchases of the Nasdaq 100 over 15 years. You had to endure a drawdown of more than -35% in the 2022 down market, but the subsequent recovery produced a high cumulative return. Figures are estimates and may differ from actual calculation results.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

Includes the compounding effect of dividend reinvestment (estimate)

This is the estimated result of making recurring purchases of a dividend-growth ETF for 10 years while reinvesting dividends. The return is lower than growth stocks, but dividend income acts as a cushion during market declines. Figures are estimates and may differ from actual calculation results.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends, splits, and dividend reinvestment reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

10-year performance of an inflation-hedge asset (estimate)

Gold has a lower return than stocks but a smaller maximum drawdown, so it serves as a volatility cushion. Its price rose sharply during the 2020–2022 inflation period. Figures are estimates and may differ from actual calculation results.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

Result of dollar-cost averaging amid high volatility (estimate), MDD over -70%

Ethereum is more volatile than Bitcoin, and its maximum drawdown exceeded -72%. Dollar-cost averaging lowered the average cost, but enduring a drawdown of this magnitude psychologically is extremely difficult. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close; exchange fees not reflected; high-volatility asset. Figures are estimates.

The actual long-term return of a safe asset (estimate)

The Korean government-bond ETF is a safe asset, but the 2022 rate-hike shock produced a loss period. Its annual return is in the 1% range, which may fall short of the inflation rate. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected). Figures are estimates.

A 15-year recovery — the power of steady recurring investing (estimate)

Even if you had started recurring investing at the dotcom bubble peak, continuing for 15 years ultimately produced a profit. However, a maximum drawdown of -81% and a 72-month (6-year) loss period are extremely hard to endure. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

The lost 30 years — an extreme case of buying at the peak (estimate)

The collapse of the Japanese bubble is a leading example showing that even long-term investing can result in a loss. Even after 31 years of recurring investing, the value stayed below the principal. Not all assets trend upward over the long run. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (EWJ ETF basis, FX effect not reflected). EWJ was listed in 1996; the earlier period is a hypothetical simulation based on Japan's TOPIX. Figures are estimates.

Crypto DCA from the peak — the current scorecard (estimate)

Even if you started at the peak, buying periodically lowers the average cost, so a profit appears after recovery. However, enduring a -76% drawdown is the extreme difficulty specific to Bitcoin. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close; exchange fees not reflected; high-volatility asset. Figures are estimates.

Result of 1 year of concentrated buying during the crash (estimate)

This is the estimated result of concentrated buying for 1 year right after the COVID crash. As the S&P 500 recovered quickly, it produced a high return in a short period. There is no guarantee that every crisis will recover this quickly afterward. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

Result of 2 years of buying at the financial-crisis low (estimate)

This is the estimated result of buying for 2 years right after the financial-crisis low. Averaging in at the low can lead to high returns during the subsequent rebound. However, knowing the exact low is only possible in hindsight. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

Result of 5 years of investing right after the dotcom collapse (estimate)

Had you started recurring investing at the low right after the dotcom bubble collapsed, you would have recorded a solid return over 5 years. The year 2007 was a time when the financial crisis was about to strike, but this 5-year window was a bull market. Figures are estimates.

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected. Figures are estimates.

Diversification vs. concentration vs. tradition — 10-year performance comparison

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

15-year performance comparison of stocks, gold, and bonds

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); FX effect not reflected

A three-way long-term performance contest: domestic, US, and global

※ Based on adjusted close (dividends and splits reflected); KODEX 200 FX effect not reflected; SPY and VT are on a USD basis

5-year performance of a traditional asset vs. a digital asset

※ Based on adjusted close; BTC exchange fees not reflected; high-volatility asset; FX effect not reflected